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1.
Arch. endocrinol. metab. (Online) ; 66(5): 694-706, Sept.-Oct. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1420091

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Trabecular bone score (TBS) is an indirect and noninvasive measure of bone quality. A low TBS indicates degraded bone microarchitecture, predicts osteoporotic fracture, and is partially independent of clinical risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD). There is substantial evidence supporting the use of TBS to assess vertebral, hip, and major osteoporotic fracture risk in postmenopausal women, as well as to assess hip and major osteoporotic fracture risk in men aged > 50 years. TBS complements BMD information and can be used to adjust the FRAX (Fracture Risk Assessment) score to improve risk stratification. While TBS should not be used to monitor antiresorptive therapy, it may be potentially useful for monitoring anabolic therapy. There is also a growing body of evidence indicating that TBS is particularly useful as an adjunct to BMD for fracture risk assessment in conditions associated with increased fracture risk, such as type-2 diabetes, chronic corticosteroid excess, and other conditions wherein BMD readings are often misleading. The interference of abdominal soft tissue thickness (STT) on TBS should also be considered when interpreting these findings because image noise can impact TBS evaluation. A new TBS software version based on an algorithm that accounts for STT rather than BMI seems to correct this technical limitation and is under development. In this paper, we review the current state of TBS, its technical aspects, and its evolving role in the assessment and management of several clinical conditions.

2.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 56(1): 54-66, fev. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-617917

ABSTRACT

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APECED) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by autoimmune multiorgan attack. The disease is caused by mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE), resulting in defective AIRE protein, which is essential for selftolerance. Clinical manifestations are widely variable. Although the classic triad is composed by mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and adrenal failure, many other components may develop. Treatment is based on supplementation of the various deficiencies, and patients require regular follow-up throughout their lifespan. This article describes the case of a patient with the disease, and reviews literature data on the epidemiology, clinical course, immunogenetic aspects, diagnosis and treatment of the syndrome.


Síndrome poliglandular autoimune tipo 1 é uma rara desordem autossômica recessiva caracterizada por ataque autoimune a diversos órgãos. A doença é causada por mutações no gene AIRE (autoimmune regulator), resultando em uma proteína AIRE defeituosa, proteína esta essencial para a manutenção da autotolerância. As manifestações clínicas são extremamente variáveis. A tríade clássica é composta por candidíase mucocutânea crônica, hipoparatiroidismo e insuficiência adrenal, porém diversos outros componentes podem estar presentes. A base do tratamento é a reposição das diversas deficiências, e os pacientes devem ser acompanhados por toda a vida. Este artigo descreve o caso de uma paciente com a síndrome e apresenta uma revisão sobre a epidemiologia, quadro clínico, aspectos imunogenéticos, diagnóstico e tratamento da desordem, de acordo com a literatura publicada.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune , Autoantibodies/analysis , Biomarkers , Consanguinity , Mutation/genetics , Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/diagnosis , Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/drug therapy , Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/genetics , Polyendocrinopathies, Autoimmune/immunology , Transcription Factors/genetics , Transcription Factors/immunology
3.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 66(3b): 636-640, set. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-495525

ABSTRACT

Reduction of excitability of the dominant primary motor cortex (M1) improves ipsilateral hand function in healthy subjects. In analogy, inhibition of non-dominant M1 should also improve ipsilateral performance. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we have used slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and the Purdue Pegboard test. Twenty-eight volunteers underwent 10 minutes of either 0.5Hz rTMS over right M1 or sham rTMS (coil perpendicular to scalp). The motor task was performed before, immediately after, and 20 minutes after rTMS. In both groups, motor performance improved significantly throughout the sessions. rTMS inhibition of the non-dominant M1 had no significant influence over ipsilateral or contralateral manual dexterity, even though the results were limited by unequal performance between groups at baseline. This is in contrast to an improvement in left hand function previously described following slow rTMS over left M1, and suggests a less prominent physiological transcallosal inhibition from right to left M1.


A redução da excitabilidade do córtex motor primário (M1) dominante melhora o desempenho manual ipsilateral: a inibição do M1 não-dominante poderia, analogamente, aprimorar a função manual direita. Para investigar esta hipótese, utilizou-se a estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) de baixa frequência e o teste Purdue Pegboard. Submetemos 28 voluntários a 10 minutos de EMTr sobre o M1 direito (0,5 Hz) ou a EMTr placebo (bobina perpendicular ao escalpo). O teste foi executado antes, imediatamente após e 20 minutos após a EMTr. Nos dois grupos, o desempenho manual mostrou significativa melhora entre as sessões. A inibição do M1 não-dominante não influenciou significativamente a destreza motora ipsi ou contralateral, apesar da conclusão limitada pelo desempenho discrepante dos grupos na primeira sessão. Este resultado contrasta com a melhora da função manual esquerda descrita após a EMTr sobre o M1 esquerdo e sugere uma inibição transcalosa fisiológica menos intensa do M1 direito para o esquerdo.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Functional Laterality/physiology , Hand/physiology , Motor Cortex/physiology , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods , Young Adult
4.
Arq. bras. endocrinol. metab ; 52(1): 134-137, fev. 2008. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-477444

ABSTRACT

A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença crônica e progressiva que se caracteriza por surtos de desmielinização que podem atingir qualquer topografia do cérebro, medula espinhal e nervo óptico. Sendo o diabetes insípido (DI) central causado, principalmente, em virtude de danos do sistema nervoso central (tais como trauma, cirurgia, tumor, infecção, sarcoidose), a EM está inclusa entre suas possíveis etiologias. Entretanto, a ocorrência dessa associação não é comumente descrita. A suspeita clínica deve ser feita na presença de poliúria e polidipsia ou hipernatremia refratária (em pacientes privados do acesso à água) durante a evolução da EM. Descreveremos um caso em que essa associação ocorreu e, após o início da terapêutica com desmopressina, a paciente reverteu o quadro clínico.


Multiple Sclerosis (ME) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by relapses of demyelination that can occur anywhere in the brain stem, spinal cord and optic nerve. Since central diabetes insipidus (DI) is mainly caused by central nervous system damage (such as trauma, surgery, tumor, infection, sarcoidosis), ME is included among its possible etiologies. However, this association is not commonly described. The clinical suspicion must be made in the presence of polyuria and polydipsia or refractory hypernatremia (in patients without free access to water) during the evolution of ME. We will describe a clinical report in which this association occurred and, after the beginning of desmopressin therapy, the clinical findings were reverted.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic/etiology , Multiple Sclerosis/complications , Antidiuretic Agents/therapeutic use , Diagnosis, Differential , Deamino Arginine Vasopressin/therapeutic use , Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic/diagnosis , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Polyuria/etiology
5.
Arq. neuropsiquiatr ; 65(3a): 697-699, set. 2007.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-460814

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the symptoms of a patient with primary segmental dystonia (PSD). METHOD: 1200 TMS pulses at a frequency of 1Hz, over the premotor cortex, with an intensity of 90 percent of the motor threshold (MT), using an eight-shaped coil; a total of 5 sessions were carried out. RESULTS: A reduction of 50 percent in the neck subset of the Burke, Fahn and Marsden torsion dystonia scale (BFM) was observed in our patient. CONCLUSION: The reduction in the BFM scale supports the concept that rTMS of the premotor cortex may reduce specific motor symptoms in PSD.


OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da estimulação magnética transcraniana repetitiva (EMTr) de baixa freqüência nos sintomas de um paciente com distonia segmentar primária (DSP). MÉTODO: 1200 pulsos a uma freqüência de 1Hz, sobre o córtex pré-motor, a uma intensidade de 90 por cento do limiar motor (LM), usando uma bobina em forma de 8. Foram realizadas 5 sessões. RESULTADOS: Uma redução de 50 por cento no sub-item "pescoço" na escala de distonia de torção de Burke, Fahn e Marsden (BFM) foi observada no paciente em questão. CONCLUSÃO: A redução na escala BFM corrobora a idéia de que a EMTr sobre o córtex pré-motor pode reduzir sintomas motores específicos na DSP.


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Motor Cortex/physiology , Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation , Torticollis/physiopathology , Evoked Potentials, Motor/physiology , Neck Muscles/physiopathology , Torticollis/pathology
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